Chemical Control Of The Colorado Potato Beetle - 1717 Words

INTRODUCTION Pests are nuisances, vectors for disease, and hinder the production of food and other goods. Pests contribute to roughly 14% of the destruction of the world’s annual agricultural output. Additionally, they are vectors that allow for the transmission of many pathogens (Windley, 2012). The exact date that pesticides were implemented into the practice of agriculture is unknown; however, it is estimated that it likely has been around since the inception of early farming techniques. For instance, sulfur was recorded to have been used as a chemical control for mites and insects as early as 12000BC (Jones 1973). One common insecticide used in the Middle Ages in Persia and ancient China consisted of an ingredient from the Dalmatian pyrethrum flowers. Containing 1.5% of pyrethrin, the Dalmatian pyrethrum was the origin of an active insecticidal substance (Davies et al, 2007). Paris green (copper(II) acetate triarsenite or copper(II) acetoarsenite) was a key component in the chemical co ntrol of the Colorado potato beetle during its application in 1871 (Alyokhin 2009). The historical evidence of regular utilization of these insect deterrents indicates an awareness by early agriculturists of the interactions between pest and the unique properties of chemicals that destroy them. Furthermore, it is becoming more of a necessity to support the sustainability of the needs of an ever-growing population of humans. However, the world may be â€Å"cutting off the nose to spite the face†Show MoreRelatedPlants And Insects Have A Long History Together1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe essential nutrients away from the plant. There are also insects that are predators. The predator insects help the plants by getting rid of the insects that are killing the plant. There are some plants that have a natural pesticide in their chemical make-up and can ward off unwanted bugs. There are other contributing factors to how much of an impact plants and insect have on each other. For example, there may be a plant in or near your garden that attracts insects that are harmful and onceRead More Genetically Engineered Crops Essays1872 Words   |  8 PagesGenetically Engineered Crops Chemical and seed companies have been working the last several years to alter the genetic make-up of certain crops to combat heavy pressure from insects and weeds. Through genetic manipulation plant breeders have been able to make certain crops resistant to different types of chemicals and insects. Breeders can alter the crops by adding to a specific plant one or more genes from other related crops with a known resistance to an insect or herbicide The use of geneticallyRead MoreEssay on Impacts of Agricutlure on the Environemnt1692 Words   |  7 Pagesbiodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, and nutrient losses – have received major attention and continue to persist. Environmental concerns arise from many agricultural activities and sources including concentrated livestock production, pesticide and chemical use, deforestation, drainage of wetlands, soil erosion from cropland, and the use of fragile lands. Damage to Soil Soil erosion from farmland threatens the productivity of agricultural fields and causes a number of problems elsewhere in the environmentRead MoreDdt and Malaria2313 Words   |  10 PagesDDT is an effective control mechanism for containing the spread of malaria. However, when used as a control mechanism for agriculture, it has been shown to cause environmental harm to ecosystems in the area. This has lead to many misconceptions that DDT is strictly a harmful chemical that only leads to negative outcomes. However, there is evidence that shows the opposite when DDT is used as a control mechanism in controlling the spread of malaria. DDT should be used as a control mechanism against malariaRead MoreOptions for Biological Terrorism Attacks and Epidemiological Responses2939 Words   |  12 Pagestends to underestimate its effectiveness.   This strategy has been used before-it was a major weapon developed against the Allies in World War II.  Ã‚   By 1944, Germany had developed a lar ge-scale program to breed the Colorado beetle, which is a major pest of potato crops.   Although the beetle was never used as a weapon0 since Germany was defeated the following year, the potential damage produced by this organism could have altered the outcome of the war.   The potential for damage from an attack can beRead MoreLas 432 - Genetically Modified Foods Essay14589 Words   |  59 Pagescontends that (2012), â€Å"There was research on 46 different species with more than 300 traits being tested† (p. 26.). So things were going on at the research level, but the results were not moving forward. Bradford found this was due to regulatory controls. Because of the lack of consumer confidence in transgenic breeding the regulatory process for genetically modified foods was much different than for non-GMO foods. In contrast, foods using classic breeding processes were considered safe for consumption

Risk Assessment And Management Planning - 1774 Words

The Clinical Question â€Å"In the hospitalized adult patient, will the use of multifactorial fall risk assessments and management planning (Morse Fall Assessment) be more efficient in comparison to the current risk assessment (Heinrich model II) practice to prevent falls in the months of November- December in comparison to September- October.† Background Falls are a major health issue for older adults. One third of the population aged 65 and older will fall each year, and of those five to ten percent of falls cause serious injury. Direct injuries result from falls and have potential long-term consequences. These consequences may result in disability, fear of falling, loss of independence, and or death. Patient safety is always the forefront of clinical practice, with this being said, the education and implementation of a revised guideline will decrease the prevalence of said falls. Fall prevention is preventable through multiple avenues. Search for Evidence In collecting evidence for this project, the database CINAHL Plus with Full Text was used to extract articles from scholarly journals in the field of nursing. An initial general search was conducted using the combined terms â€Å"falls† and â€Å"scale† which yielded a handful of articles regarding fall assessment tool. However, a second search using the term â€Å"Morse fall† was conducted to broaden the scope of research, and we were able to make selections from these searches. The Science direct website also provided fast facts on theShow MoreRelatedRisk Assessment And Management Planning1770 Words   |  8 PagesThe Clinical Question: â€Å"In the hospitalized adult patient, will the use of multifactorial fall risk assessments and management planning (Morse Fall Assessment) be more efficient in comparison to the current risk assessment (Heinrich model II) practice to prevent falls in the months of November- December in comparison to September- October.† Background: Falls are a major health issue for older adults. One third of the population aged 65 and older will fall each year, and of those five to ten percentRead MoreThe Accounting Software Installation Project Case Study1680 Words   |  7 Pages EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SUBJECT OUTLINE Subject Number: Emergency Management Credit Points: 6 Subject Coordinator: Dr Jaya Kandasamy Subject Lecturer: Peter Garland Semester/Year: Spring 2007 Prerequisites: Completed a degree course Co-requisites: Nil, but a basic knowledge of local government procedures is helpful Anti-requisites: Nil, although some previous experience in local government and emergency management is useful. Read MoreReview on the Impact of Management Integrity on Audit Planning and Evidence948 Words   |  4 PagesReview on the Impact of Management Integrity on Audit Planning and Evidence Objective This research is done to assess the correlation between management integrity and RMM, audit planning and misstatement detection, which leads to analysis of the impact of management integrity information on audit conduct. Motivation Some cases of failures such as Enron and Sarbanes-Oxley have led public in general requiring auditors to be more careful in conducting their audit tasks, especially in termsRead MoreCase Study : Area Risk Assessment862 Words   |  4 PagesITGC Area Risk Assessment IT Management Low Systems Development Low Data Security Medium Change Management Low Business Continuity Planning High Alexandra DeHaven IT General Controls ITGC Area Summary of Issue Strength or Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength IT Management FFC has an IT Steering Committee Strength IT Management VP Information Security reports to CIO Weakness IT Management FFC plan matches IT plan Strength IT Management VP Applications reports to CIORead MoreThe Business Impact Analysis ( Bia ) And Risk Assessment1246 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis (BIA) and risk assessment are foundational elements of every effective business continuity program; however, in our experience, many business continuity planning participants experience a lot of confusion regarding the definitions, relationship, and expected outcomes between the two processes. This confusion often results in outcomes that fail to drive preparedness. Avalution acknowledges that there are many different ways to design and execute BIA and risk assessment processes, dependingRead MoreCase Study : Strengths And Weaknesses1447 Words   |  6 PagesStrength or Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength IT Management FFC has an Executive Steering Committee Strength System Development FFC’s Internal Audit Committee has a voting member of project team responsible for new project Strength Change Management FFC’s IT personnel adequately test new procedure before implementation. Strength Business Continuity Planning FFC has no documented business continuity or disaster recovery plan Weakness IT Management FFC has an Executive SteeringRead MoreQuestions On Risk Assessment Process Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Assessment Process Every firm faces risks, both internal and external, that must be dealt with. In order to assess risk, the auditor must understand what roll the area that’s being audited plays in the business. The purpose of risk assessment is to identify and evaluate the risks relevant to that area of the business and to determine how to manage these risks. The auditor then identifies the internal controls that regulate those risks – these are the internal controls the auditor should focusRead MoreThe Homeland Security And Risk Management Programs1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthreats as the United States encounters new enemies as well as ongoing natural disasters. Regarding the topic of risk management lays an intriguing question. This question is how to appropriately coordinate risk management programs while acknowledging elements of focus in regards to different assets and the manner in which these assets are used. The homeland security uses risk assessments on all areas, which this pap er will be focusing on, to determine how to maintain the condition of an asset as wellRead MoreRisk Management Within Homeland Security Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Risk Management within Homeland Security Risk management is applied in numerous ways by various agencies and organizations within the U.S. national security apparatus. One manner in which risk management is utilized by the Department of Defense is to mitigate vulnerabilities to personnel during military operations. Whether or not to recruit and deploy a double-agent is a primary focus of risk management within the CIA’s Counterespionage Group. Moreover, evaluatingRead MoreRisk Assessment For A Financial Institution Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial institute. A risk assessment for a financial institution measures and helps manage compliance, financial and operational risks associated with both internal and external, activities and events. In today’s operating environment, numerous regulations and standards make risk assessment not only logical but vital for financial institutions. These are examples of regulation and laws that governs financial institutions, Regulatory compliance, Enterprise risk manag ement, Internal audit, Bank Secrecy

Developmental Trends of Temperament and Character - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Developmental Trends of Temperament and Character. Answer: Introduction: In the opinion of Raymond Cattell articulated in his Trait-based personality theories, a persons personality is the traits that predict a person's behavior (Eysenck 2013). In other words, personality can be defined as the set of habitual behaviors, cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors (Eysenck 2013). Personality, therefore, is the response of an individual to the outside world around him or her (Lasswell 2017). Therefore, the concept of personality is used by the various individuals not only to respond to the outside world but also to portray an image of themselves to the outside world (Josefsson et al. 2013). I would like to comment here that in the present times I have become kind of an extrovert person who does not likes to interact much with the other people. In addition to this, I would also say that I am an intuitive person and often judge people on the basis of their personality or the way they themselves. However, at the same time I would comment that I am a very thinking person. Furthermore, instead of focusing on the short term goals I like to focus on the long term goals and hate to make the same kind of mistakes. Personal Value Inventory (PVI) is a tool which is used to measure the strengths as well as the weaknesses of a persons personality (Parks-Leduc et al. 2015). This particular tool takes the help of questionnaires to find out the most important behavioral traits of a person (Parks-Leduc et al. 2015). The tool of PVI is often used by the various individuals to get an idea about their key strengths and weaknesses (Dobewall et al. 2014). In general, the tool of PVI is used by the people to get an idea about their strengths and weakness and it also helps them in their personal development process (Hutteman et al. 2014). The concept of emotional intelligence has gained much popularity in the recent times and is increasingly being used by the various individuals to develop their overall character as well as personality (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The concept of emotional intelligence can be defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically (Zeidner, Matthews and Roberts 2012). It is significant to note that this particular concept is increasingly been seen as one of the most important traits of an effective leader in the present times and therefore, I would like to cultivate this particular concept in my own character or personality (Druskat, Mount and Sala 2013). The cultivation of this particular skill within my personality is likely to act as one of key strengths. The concept of leadership has gained much prominence in the recent times and it is a reflection of this particular fact that the various individuals focus on the development of this particular skills (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The term is generally defined as the ability or the skill to lead other people or individuals towards the achievement of their desired goals as well as objectives (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). I would like to add here that this particular skill is something which I would like to inculcate within my own personality as that would help me in a significant manner in the later part of life when I will start working. I would like to say here that I like to kind of people who are self made and have fought through all the odds of life to attain the success which they now hold. I admire the never give-up spirit among the individuals. Bill Gates was a National Merit Scholar at the Lakeside School in 1973 and scored an impressive 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT) in the year 1973 to gain admission at the Harvard College. It is significant to note that his parents wanted to pursue him a career in law however he followed his passion and studied mathematics and computer science. His changing moment in life came with his association with Microsoft and he became one of the primary reasons for the success attained by the company in the later years. Therefore, I admire the persona of Bill Gates and consider him as my mentor as defied all odds and followed his passion. His life when thoroughly analyzed would provide an important lesson in the concept of perseverance. These in short are s ome of the reasons why I admire Bill Gates and consider him to be my mentor. The qualities of Gates like the way he followed his passion, his perseverance, hard work and other skills would help me succeed in life like him. I have applied for a human resource job as part of the class activity and I hope that this is going to help me in my future prospects of gaining a better job in the HR industry. The concerned job will provide me with various key skills like the process of effective communication, the way to handle as well as tackle various diverse people, time management skills, working in a team environment and others. I would like to say that working in a team environment would be my strength when later on in my life I would apply for the HR job. The results of my personality test show that I am an extrovert and therefore I would be able to easily adapt to the team environment. It is significant to note that the HR job is a very diverse job and needs the effective use of team work for a better performance of not only the individual person but also of the entire team. Therefore, I would say that these are likely to form my key areas of strength. The employers look for various qualities as well as strengths among the fresh graduates. The primary skills which the various employers look for in the fresh graduates are effective communication skills, time management, adaptability to diverse critical situations and others. It is significant to note that some of the employers also look for some kind of work experience among the employees however in the case of the fresh employees this particular aspect is not that important. The employers focus on the effective communication skills as that would enable the fresh graduates to interact with the various diverse entities of the business organization concerned in a much better manner. It is generally seen that the most of the business organizations in the present times require the process of effective communication as it forms one of the key aspects of their business process. Moreover, this particular skill becomes especially significant when the HR industry is taken into consideration in which I hope to enter in the future times. Furthermore, the various business organizations also focus on the various time management skills as that would help the employees to complete the job roles assigned to them within the timeframe. These in short are some of the key skills which the various employers look for in the fresh graduates. I would like to add here that these were totally new concepts to me and therefore initially I faced some difficulties with these concepts. Thus, I had to take the help of my teachers, parents and also my friends to get to know about these concepts in a much better and also to implement them in a much better manner in my life. I would like to say here that finding the strengths as well as the weaknesses of mine own self was a bit difficult for me. Initially I was a bit confused about the key strengths as well as the weaknesses of mine own character. I would like to comment here the personality test helped me a lot to determine the strength as well as the weaknesses of mine own-self. Furthermore, the various recent activities and group activities in which I was recently involved in helped a lot to find about my own personal strengths as well as weaknesses. Furthermore, the tough situations in which I was involved throughout the course of my life also gave me an idea about the key strengths as well as weaknesses of mine own character. In addition to these, the suggestions given by my professors at various point of my educational career also helped a lot in finding about my key strengths as well as weaknesses. The viewpoints of my parents also helped me a lot in the process. I would also like to say that find ing about mine own strengths as well as weaknesses helped me to get an idea about the activities which I would be able to do in a much better and the ones which I will not be able to do. The knowledge of this particular aspect is very essential as it gives an idea about the strengths as well as limitations of ones own self. I would like to say here that hard work is a very relative concept and its definition depends on the particular context in which it is being used. Therefore, a person who appears to be working hard as per the perspective of one person might not be working hard as per the perspective of another person. I would like to comment here that hard work forms an important part of the various governmental jobs. In my personal opinion, a hard working employee is not only the one who works towards the achievement of the personal work target given to him or her by the management of the governmental organization but also the ones work effortlessly towards the achievement of the entire teams target and also the motivates the other employees to achieve the job roles which is required of him or her. In addition to these, a hard working employee also takes the onus on himself or herself to teach the other employees of the organization who are new the required skills which will help them in the process of the achievement of the target or job roles which have been ascribed to them by the management of the organization. I would like to say that initially this particular concept seemed a bit difficult to me and I had a hard time following this particular concept. As the results of my personality test reveals I am extrovert person and not much used to hard ward. Therefore, the idea seemed a bit difficult and I had to seek the guidance of others to implement this particular idea in my life. I would also like to add here that critical thinking forms an important part of the lives of the various individuals and helps them in the achievement of the various goals or the objectives not only set by them but also by the organization or the company in which they are working. Critical thinking not only helps the various individuals to overcome the various difficult situations in the life of an individual but also helps them to perform the tasks or the job roles ascribed to them in a much better or innovative. Therefore, it is seen that the various individuals as well as the business organizations insist that the individuals must use as well as inculcate the concept of critical thinking in their every day to day activities. Furthermore, the concept of critical thinking also helps the various individuals to break out of the boredom of their lives and also to do the same tasks which they are required to do every day in a much innovative or better manner. therefore, it can also be s aid that the use of this particular concepts adds to the feel good factor of the various individuals as it enables them not only to do things in a much better manner and but also to think that they have something significant. Furthermore, I would like to add here that at school and other place we had been taught to just follow the books which have been provided to use and therefore we were not much required to use our critical thinking skills. Thus, this particular concept seemed not only new to me but also a bit difficult as in the earlier part of my life I had not used this particular concept. As the results of my personality tests show and as I already mentioned I am an extrovert and like to think about the long term goals or benefits rather than short term ones. Therefore, this will be a bit difficult for me as it would require me to channelize all my thinking process towards the achievement of one particular goal or objective. I would like comment here that this would be a bit difficult for me as I am an extrovert. Furthermore, the development of this process will also require me to focus on various short term goals rather than the long ones which is something that I do not like to indulge in. it is true that the development of the faculty of critical thinking would help me in a significant manner not only in the present times but would also enhance my future job prospects however this will require me to do something which is totally contrary to my nature. Therefore, the activity was a kind of a challenge to me as I had not faced similar kinds of situations in the earli er part of our lives. I would like to mention here that as part of the class activity I undertook a voluntary community service and later on I was interviewed by our professor Mrs Shoba. I would like to add here that the activity which I added recently had some positive as well as negative aspects. The positive aspect of it was that I was able to gain a valuable amount of information as well as experiences. However, there were some negative aspects as well for example the area in which we did the community service was an aboriginal one and not very developed. Therefore, there was a shortage of food for us when we reached and on top of that when we reached that particular and prepared our food, the food was stolen by the mothers of some of the aboriginal children. This left us in a very helpless situation and we had to spend the whole day without any food. I would like to add here that we did not take much of food with us as we thought that we would get substantial amount of food from the locality however that was not the case. I would like to add here that not only we had to depend on our very limited food reserves but also the limited amount of food which we took with ourselves was stolen by the natives. In addition to this, when I was distributing the toothbrush kits to the children I could not find all of them at one place and therefore a lot of commotion was caused during the process. I would also like to add here that the aboriginals were not only undedicated people but very greedy at the same time and added to our miseries at the workshop in a significant manner. These in short were some of the worst experiences which I had during the community service. Therefore, I would like to say that the community service was kind of a mixed experience for me. To conclude, personality forms an important part of the lives of the individuals. It is significant to note that knowing about the strengths as well as the weaknesses of ones own character or personality helps the various individuals in a significant manner. The individuals can take the help of the various kinds of personality tests to not only find about the strengths as well as the weaknesses of their own character but can also get to know themselves in a much better manner. References Dobewall, H., Aavik, T., Konstabel, K., Schwartz, S.H. and Realo, A., 2014. A comparison of self-other agreement in personal values versus the Big Five personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 50, pp.1-10. Druskat, V.U., Mount, G. and Sala, F., 2013.Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups. Psychology Press. Eysenck, H.J., 2013.The structure of human personality (Psychology Revivals). Routledge. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hutteman, R., Hennecke, M., Orth, U., Reitz, A.K. and Specht, J., 2014. Developmental tasks as a framework to study personality development in adulthood and old age. European Journal of Personality, 28(3), pp.267-278. Josefsson, K., Jokela, M., Cloninger, C.R., Hintsanen, M., Salo, J., Hintsa, T., Pulkki-Rback, L. and Keltikangas-Jrvinen, L., 2013. Maturity and change in personality: developmental trends of temperament and character in adulthood.Development and psychopathology,25(3), pp.713-727. Lasswell, H.D., 2017.Power and personality. Routledge. Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G. and Bardi, A., 2015. Personality traits and personal values: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), pp.3-29. Zeidner, M., Matthews, G. and Roberts, R.D., 2012.What we know about emotional intelligence: How it affects learning, work, relationships, and our mental health. MIT press.

Solution Jobless Graduate in Malaysia free essay sample

This research is to identify future help which can contribute towards reducing the unemployment rate of graduates in Malaysia. It does so by gaining initial insights into this problem through two groups: graduates and employers. The data draws on why graduates are unemployed from their own perspective as well as employers’ expectations towards the new workforce. The study concludes with two striking observations. Firstly, the graduates themselves feel that they are to be blamed for being unemployed. In addition, the employers to feel similarly, so are reinforcing graduates’ attitudes as one of the major reasons for graduates’ unemployment. In February 2006, the Berita Harian, a local newspaper, reported that every year Malaysia produces 60,000 graduates. 20,217 jobless graduates registered themselves with the Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia in June 2006. Tables 1 and 2 show the rate of unemployment among graduates according to universities and courses in Malaysia. Table 1: Unemployment among graduates according to universities In general, there are common perceived reasons as to why graduates are unemployed in Malaysia. We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Jobless Graduate in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Graduates lack skills they are not able to impress employers during interviews because they do not have the right skills like presentation and communication skills which include proficiency in English. In addition, they cannot perform to contribute to the company once they start work because they are not â€Å"work-ready†. Malaysian universities are not producing â€Å"work-ready† graduates because the country’s education system is too exam-oriented. They produce graduates who are competent theory-wise but have no sufficient practical exposure. Finally, another common relevant reason is related to the mismatch between what the universities are producing and what the Malaysian job-market seeks. Finally, This unemployment dilemma might also be the result of the nature of computer science where skills are always changing and dynamic or, as Hesketh (2000) terms, as ‘converging’. This phenomenon has caused a commotion in Malaysia where local society is tarting to accept that there is no guarantee of employment after a degree. This has made graduates automatically enroll themselves for postgraduate programmes; parents become more concerned about the courses their children are signing up for or are it their child employment at the end of the study period and educators no longer stress educational excellence only but have started to recognize that skills need to be taught. Reacting to the problem, the Malaysian Government has taken crucial steps to face this problem. Examples of three such steps taken by the Government are the training scheme for unemployed graduates, teaching more subjects in English at school level, and the introduction of the Electronic Labour Exchange System (ELX) which are detailed below: 1. The training scheme for unemployed graduates: The objective of the Graduate Training Scheme 2005 is to assist and equip unemployed graduates with specialized skills to enhance employability, including English Language. It is targeted at degree or diploma graduates from 2002 onwards. The Government sponsors the programme fee, which is a generous monthly allowance of RM500. . More subjects at school level taught in English: In 2002, the Government announced that from 2003 onwards, the teaching of Science and Mathematics would be carried out in English, in order to ensure that Malaysia will not be left behind in a world that was rapidly becoming globalized. In addition, this programme aims to arrest the declining command of the language amo ng students. All public universities were urged to change the medium of instruction from Malay to English in science and technology subjects in 2005. 3. The Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX) project: This project was officially launched by the Minister of Human Resources, Datuk Dr. Fong Chan Onn on 30 May 2006. It acts as a one-stop centre for labour market information, and is accessible to government agencies, the private sector and the general public. The Job Clearing System offers free-of-charge job matching services for the Malaysian public and employers. The Government hopes that the objectives of improving the mobilization of the nations human resources and optimizing the utilization of manpower through the systematic matching of job seekers to job vacancies can be achieved. Finally, the Prime Minister’s Department in the Economic Planning Unit FAQ webpage states the short and long term measures implemented by the government on the issue of unemployed graduates in the country as the following: 1. Review the curriculum of the university to ensure graduates are equipped with the skills and knowledge required by the industry and employers. In this regard, soft skill subjects such as communication, problem-solving and language skills especially English, have been introduced. The usage of English as learning and teaching medium was also strengthened. 2. Double major subjects will also be introduced to ensure graduates possess broader knowledge. 3. Introduce Entrepreneurship Programmes to encourage graduates to be self-employed. 4. Conduct studies and findings of the studies will be used as inputs for government in formulating comprehensive policies and programmes. Even so, the effectiveness of these actions is debatable in terms of solving this unemployment crisis among graduates. It is absolutely crucial to get to the root of this problem if the state wants to generate future-proof graduates, regardless of their specializations as these are the graduates who can withstand the speed of change in the real world. Such ‘future-proofing’ requires the examination of employability which is discussed in the next section. From an employer’s perspective, the top skills that they desire in new graduates are: positive attitude, initiative, team player and awareness of own strength and weaknesses. 8% of employers gave negative comments when relating the education system to unemployment of graduates. 91% of employers foresee changes in job requirements in graduates and 59% say the changes will concern employability skills. Most employers mention that an employable graduate has to have skills under an essential skills list. Finally, 51% of employers stress graduates’ attitude in relation to unemployment while 64% of employers relate unemployment t o the graduates themselves. Some of the report supports that the further development of a range of what it calls ‘key’ skills during higher education: communication, both oral and written, numeracy, the use of communications and information technology and learning how to learn. The report argues that these are necessary outcomes of all higher education programmes, namely: 1. Communication: speaking, listening, reading and writing skills. 2. Application of Number: interpreting information involving numbers, carrying out calculations, interpreting results and presenting findings 3. Information Communication Technology: finding, exploring, developing and presenting information including text, images and numbers 4. Working with others: includes process and interpersonal skills to support working cooperatively with others to achieve shared objectives, work cooperatively and have regard for others 5. Improving own learning and performance: developing independent learners who are clearly focused on what they want to achieve and able to work towards targets that will improve the quality of their learning and performance. 6. Problem solving: encouraging learners to develop and demonstrate their ability to tackle problems systematically, for the purpose of working towards their solution and learning from this process. In the Dest Report (March 2002) â€Å"Employability Skills for the Future†, employers were seeking highly skilled and generically skilled graduates. The report defines employability as skills required not only to gain employment but also to progress within an enterprise so as to achieve one’s potential and contributes successfully to enterprise strategic directions. The research offers an employability skill framework that has three key terms which are personal attributes skills and elements. These key skills are explicitly defined with more sub-skills and examples. To illustrate this, personal attributes encompasses: loyalty, commitment, honesty and integrity, enthusiasm, reliability, personal presentation, commonsense, positive self-esteem, sense of humour, balance to work and home life, ability to deal with pressure, motivation and adaptability. All these definitions are similar in the way that they view employability as primarily characteristics of an individual. In other words, employability is a set of individuals’ skills and attributes. On the other hand, there are attempts to define employability in a more holistic approach, for example, by the Canadian Labour Force (1994), Hillage and Pollard (1998) and the Northern Ireland Executive (2002). The literature developed by Hillage and Pollard (1998) offers this definition: Employability is the capability to move self-sufficiency within the labour market to realize potential through sustainable employment. For the individual, employability depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes they possess, the way they use these assets and present them to employers and the context (e. g. personal circumstances and labour market environment) within which they seek work. [p. xi,1999] What Hillage and Pollard (1998) term as ‘context’ is also emphasized in an example of a broader concept of employability presented in the employability framework by McQuaid and Lindsay (2005). It is a holistic framework of employability which comprises 3 main interrelated components: individual factors, personal circumstances and external factors. The component covering ‘individual factors’ involves: employability skills and attributes, demographic characteristics, health and well-being, job seeking and adaptability and mobility. The second component, the ‘personal circumstances’ lists: household circumstances, work culture, and access to resources. The third component which covers ‘external factors’ involves: demand factors and enabling support factors. All these definitions are similar in the way that they view employability as primarily characteristics of an individual. In other words, employability is a set of individuals’ skills and attributes. Reason for unemployment Figure: Reasons for unemployment from graduates’ point of view The findings reveal: 1. The graduates: 40% of graduates agree that they themselves are to be blamed for being jobless because they are not pressured to find jobs. 2. English proficiency: 40% of graduates agree that if more courses at university level are conducted in English, it will help them secure a job. Another 40% of graduates agree that having low English proficiency makes them not confident especially during the interview. 3. Government: 76% of graduates say that they have enrolled themselves in a course with no job prospects. In the late 90s, the Government announced that there will be ample job opportunity in ICT sectors, the universities doubled student intake, and resulted in more graduates than jobs. 4. Universities: 64% of graduates blame the teaching methodology at universities as too conservative and rigid: â€Å"chalk and talk† with nothing to nurture them into being an all rounder and making them marketable for the job market. Solution for jobless graduates in Malaysia The solution for unemployment is, obviously, to create new jobs. Usually, a  healthy economic growth rate  of 2-3% is enough to create the 150,000 new jobs needed to keep unemployment from rising. When unemployment creeps above 6-7% and stays there, it means the economy isnt strong enough to create sufficient new jobs without help. Thats when the government is expected to step in and provide solutions. Monetary Policy: The solution used first to address sustained  high unemployment  is a monetary stimulus from the  Federal Reserve. Expansive monetary policy  is powerful, quick and usually effective. Lower interest rate sallow families to borrow more cheaply to buy what they need, like cars, homes and consumer electronics. This stimulates enough  demand  to put the economy back on track. Low interest rates also allow businesses to borrow for less, giving them the capital to hire new workers to meet rising demand. Fiscal Policy: However, when monetary policy doesnt work, then fiscal policy  is usually demanded. This means the government must either cut taxes or increase spending to stimulate the economy. Fiscal policy is usually slower to get started, since Congress and the President must agree on what should be done. However, it can be more effective once executed. It also provides much-needed confidence that the government will stimulate the economy and things will get better. Confidence is a crucial ingredient in convincing people to spend now for a better future. Cutting taxes has a similar, but even more direct, effect as lower interest rates. It gives consumers more money to spend, increasing demand. It also cuts costs for businesses, which can use the cash to invest in their business and hire more workers. Government spending usually takes the form of jobs programs, where the government hires workers and businesses directly to build things or provide services. This acts like a tax cut, by providing consumers the cash they need to buy more products. . Enhance student soft skill and knowledge Lecturers, being the closest people to students, should continually encourage them to gain work experience and soft skills on campus and off campus. A lecturer may use several approaches to enhance their skills and knowledge; for example to stimulate the minds of students with discussions and case studies. This approach may help students integrate their knowledge a nd skills with real cases. Apart from that, the lecturer may also allow students to interact with outsiders or to organize social activities. This will force students to go out and exposed themselves to the outside world and conduct research as partial fulfillment for their degree programs. The process in preparing research involves skill and knowledge. 2. Increases students employability prospect and English skill The one of the programmed from government is The Graduate Career Accelerated Program (GCAP), which aims to improve the employability of unemployed graduates and English level of graduates. GCAP is a free graduate employability program. The oral and written English language acquisition sessions with GCAP will bring graduates to a new level of confidence for a brighter future and also increases their employability pros 3. Student themselves They should change their mindset and attitude when they are seeking a job. The student had to understand what the skill that are the employer looking for and what the expectation of the company. A student also has to practice or doing a mock interview before a real interview. With a well prepared and great impression during the interview will give high expectation for an employer to hire a student. . Revising the university curriculum from time to time The university should revise the curriculum so it can suited nowadays company and job requirement. Consequently, there are suggestions in three ways, which tertiary higher education can start instilling good employability skills and attitudes in future graduates: 1. Affective teaching and learning in the curriculum. Teaching and lea rning should prepare graduates to harness their potential to meet skills required by employers. 2. Reinforcement of students’ emotional quotient (EQ). Through competence in emotional literacy, students are believed to have better life chances and achieve success. 3. Recognizing and appreciating lecturers who are not only committed to teaching and learning but are also sensitive to the well being of students. A good lecturer is described as being accessible, enthusiastic and passionate. Students want lecturers who they can connect to, learn with and be inspired by (Wright, 2005). If greater recognition is given to teaching abilities and its value in the academic world, it will effectively develop both the profession and that of the students’ knowledge, skills and competencies in the future.